Return to the index of "Other Women's Voices."
Updated 11-25-08
Leonora Christina Ulfeldt /Eleanora
Christine Christiandatter (1621-1698)
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"SHE WOULD NOT GIVE UP...; SHE HAD COMMITTED NO CRIME."
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Leonora was the daughter of Christian IV, King of Denmark, and of a noblewoman with whom he had contracted a morganatic marriage after the death of his first wife (their children were legitimate, but could not inherit the throne). When she was 15, she was married to the 30-year-old nobleman Corfitz Ulfeldt, one of the most powerful men in Denmark during Christian IV's reign. Ten children were born by 1651; seven survived to adulthood.
In 1648 Christian IV died. Denmark was at that time an elective monarchy, although traditionally the eldest son became king. Ulfeldt was the leader of the council of nobles that would choose the king; to gain their approval the heir was forced to make concessions increasing the power of the nobility. That heir, Leonora's half-brother Frederik III, never forgot the humiliation; he and his queen became Ulfeldt's enemies.
Two years later Ulfeldt was accused by Frederik's favorites of plotting to kill the king and queen; investigation cleared him, but the couple feared some new conspiracy and fled Denmark. They went first to Holland and then to Sweden (Denmark's historic enemy).
Their subsequent history reveals Corfitz Ulfeldt as typical of those European noblemen of the 1600s who could not see --- or could not accept --- that the feudal period in which they had held sway was giving way to absolute monarchy. Leonora presents herself as always trying to make her husband see reality, but Ulfeldt continued to believe that he could fight on the side of Denmark's enemy (and then betray that enemy) with impunity because of his noble status. The result was a series of imprisonments for the couple, followed (after a brief period of freedom, during which Ulfeldt apparently tried to raise an foreign army against Frederik) by Ulfeldt's condemnation as a traitor and his death as a fugitive, and by Leonora's long imprisonment.
In 1662 Leonora had gone to England to try to get repayment of loans Ulfeldt had made to King Charles II while that king was in exile. Instead of receiving money, Leonora found herself turned over to the Danish and taken to Copenhagen to be imprisoned in Blatarn (the "Blue Tower") next to the royal apartments in which she had grown up. She was never charged with a crime, but because she would not speak against her husband, she was held there over 21 years. He husband fled from place to place with his sons until he died seven months after his condemnation.
Frederik III died in 1670 and was succeeded by his son Christian V, but since Frederik's queen remained alive until 1685, Leonora remained in prison until then. Almost all of Leonora's extant writing was done in prison after 1670, when she was allowed writing materials. By 1673 she had completed in French, an autobiographical sketch in the form of a letter to Otto Spurling, the son of a fellow prisoner. By 1674, the first part of the story of her imprisonment, Jammersminde (Memory of woe), was completed in Danish; additions were made until her release in 1685. She apparently bound her own manuscript; it contains not only Jammersminde, but also other papers, mostly prayers and poems. In 1683, Leonora completed Heltinders Pryd (Praise of heroines), a collection of translations on "valiant" women; it has not yet been translated.
At her release, the 64-year-old Leonora was granted a small home on the island of Maribo. There she lived much as she had done in the last 15 years of her imprisonment --- reading, writing, doing the needlework and other art work she had practiced in prison --- but with more congenial company. When she died, King Christian V wanted her burial to fit her "rank and station"; Leonora wanted a simple funeral --- and in this, at least, she won.
On thie page you'll find:
Links to helpful sites online.
Excerpts from translations in print.
Information about secondary sources.
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1. Links to page images of Fanny E. Bunnett's 1872 translation Memoirs of Leonora Christina, Daughter of Christian IV of Denmark, Written during her imprisonment in the Blue Tower at Copenhagen, 1663-1685; a portion of the 1673 letter to Otto Spurling is labelled "Autobiography," and Jammersminde is called "A record of the Sufferings of the Imprisoned Countess." Elsewhere, and perhaps easier of access, a link to the text of Bunnett's translation: the "Autobiography" starts at p. 31, Leonora's 1674 "Preface to my children" at p. 87, and Jammersminde at p. 102. (For excerpts from Bunnett, see below, under "In print.")
2. An 1873 article from Harper's Magazine, "Leonora Christina in the Blue Tower," by R.H. Stoddard, describes Leonora's prison life in detail and with substantial quotation from Jammersminde. You can link to the entire text or to individual pages. The quoted passages are from Bunnett's translation.
3. In the original languages:
(a) (a) The first and last pages of the manuscript of the French Lettre a Otto Sperling, completed by 1673; at the bottom of the page you can link to all of the work's individual pages.
(b) The Danish original of Jammersminde. "Fortale" will take you to Leonora's 1674 preface; the other links ("sides") to the rest of the text.
4. Essays, etc.:
(a) From Wikipedia, an overview of Leonora's life.
(b) Lecture notes (2002) by Michael J. Stern on Leonora and on Jammersminde (and which include a sentence from Heltinders Pryd, on the soul as "no regarder of sex").
(c) An 2002 essay by Sune Christian Pedersen on the coded correspondence between Leonora and Corfitz, which includes Leonora's list of the location of her hidden jewels. Then, at another site, describing the exhibition for which the Pederson essay was written, a newspaper article, "Royal codebreaker, and the secrets of 'Il Unicorno,'" which tells a rather different version of the Ulfeldts' story than does Leonora.
5. At a Danish site, a chronology of Leonora's life.
6. Pictures of Leonora:
(a) Two contemporary portraits; the one at the left was made in 1647, by Gerrit van Honthorst (both can be enlarged).
(b) An 1800's copy of another contemporary portrait.
(c) Jammersminde was first published in 1869, and this initiated interest in Leonora. Here are two of 18 paintings done between 1873 and 1894 by the Danish artist Kristian Zahrtmann: Leonora in happier days, and Leonora in her cell at the Blue Tower.
7. And contemporary views of one residence and two prisons:
(a) One-third of the way down the page, a 1680 view of Bosjokloster, Hoor, a former monastery where the Ulfeldts lived in the 1650s, while Corfitz wavered between supporting or opposing Sweden, his country's enemy. (Near the bottom of the page is an engraving of the couple which may be contemporary.)
(b) Near the bottom of the page, a 1662 drawing of the Hammershus, the castle on the island of Bornholm in the Baltic, where the Ulfeldts was imprisoned for a year and a half.
(c) A 1611 etching of Blatarn (the "Blue Tower"), where Leonora was imprisoned for 21 years, and part of the court complex where she had grown up (and where from her cell window, she could see the courtiers coming and going).
8. A review by Robin Briggs of Paul Kleber Monod's 1999 study, The Power of Kings: Monarchy and Religion in Europe, 1589-1715; and at the same site Monad's response to Briggs' review (for information on the study's treatment of Leonora, see "Secondary sources").
9. For historical background:
(a) Two brief essays on 1600s Denmark by Knud J.V. Jespersen and Gyldendal Leksikon: "Aristocratic Government," and "The Introduction of Absolutism."
(b) A biography of Frederik III, which briefly describes his conflict with the Ulfeldts; you can link to biographies of Christian IV, Leonora's father; and of Christian V, who released Leonora in 1685.
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[This is an 1872 translation, by Fanny E. Bunnett, of the Danish Jammersminde and of that part of Leonora's French autobiographical letter which covers the period before her imprisonment at Copenhagen. Bunnet's detailed introduction is useful for historical background; the 1929 editors have added both a brief preface describing the manuscript's history and a helpful index:]
Memoirs of Leonora Christina, daughter of Christian IV of
Denmark, written during her imprisonment in the Blue Tower at
Copenhagen, 1663-1685. Translated by F[anny] E. Bunnett (The
background of history). New York, E. P. Dutton & company,
inc., 1929. (xii, 342 p. front., pl., port)
LC#: DL135.8.U5 A5 1929
Letter to Otto Spurling
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"An adventure fit for a novel...."
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[From the 1673 letter to the son of a friend who had been implicated in Ulfeldt's affairs and who was also a prisoner in the "Blue Tower." After telling of her happy life until 1650, Leonora tells of her advice to her husband when he had been accused of and acquitted of attempting to kill the king and the queen. Throughout the letter, Leonora refers to herself in the third person as "our lady":]
...[S]he advised her husband to leave the country..., otherwise his enemies would contrive some other invention which would succeed better. He consented to this at length, and they took their two eldest children with them, and went by sea to Amsterdam. At Utrecht they left the children with the servants and a female attendant, and our lady disguised herself in male attire and followed her husband....
[Outside Dantzig, the 29-year-old woman's disguise was almost too successful:]
An adventure fit for a novel... happened to our lady. A girl of sixteen, believing that our lady was a young man, threw herself on her neck with caresses.... Out lady got rid of her, but with difficulty however, for she was somewhat impudent, and our lady did not dare to leave her apartment.
[Leonora traveled for 12 weeks disguised as a man. At another place:]
...[O]ur lady played with two soldiers for drink, and her husband, who passed for her uncle, paid the expenses; the soldiers, willing to lose for the sake of gaining the beer, and astonished that she never lost, were, however, civil enough to present her with beer. [pp.48-50]
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"The danger was the reason why she wished to bear him company."
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[In 1656, Ulfeldt sent Leonora to Copenhagen to act as intermediary between himself and Frederik III; she never made it to the capital and had to defend herself with a gun against arrest by Danish authorities. She escaped to Holland, but:]
Just as our lady was thinking of passing some days in tranquility, occupied in light study, in trifling work, distillation, confectionery, and such like things, her husband mixed himself in the wars. The King of Sweden sent after him...; he [Ulfeldt] told his wife that he would have nothing to do with them. He did not keep his word, however; he... went straight off with the King.
She knew he was not provided with anything; she saw the danger to which he was exposed, she wished to share it; she equipped herself in haste, and, without his sending for her, went to join him....
He wished to persuade her to return..., and spoke to her of the great danger; she said the danger was the reason why she wished to bear him company, and to share it with him; so she went with him, and passed few days without uneasiness.... [pp.57-58]
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"He had flattered himself...."
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[In the next year, Ulfeldt fought for Sweden in a war against Denmark, and helped win Danish lands; when a year later he tried to take some of those same lands from Sweden, he was placed under house arrest by the Swedish authorities. After almost a year, the couple escaped: Leonora to go back to Denmark, Ulfeldt (she thought) to go elsewhere:]
...[S]he... went straight to Copenhagen. Having arrived there, she found her husband arrived before her; she was much surprised and vexed, fearing what happened afterwards, but he had flattered himself so with the comfortable hope that he would enter into the good graces of the King.
The next day they were both arrested.... [p.63]
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"Half belonged to her, and that she would not give up."
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[In Denmark the couple were imprisoned much more harshly than in Sweden. They were sent to Bornholm, a rocky island in the Baltic, where they remained for 18 months; after an unsuccessful attempt at escape, they were kept from seeing each other for 6 months. The 53-year-old Ulfeldt was already ill, so the couple eventually bought release by surrendering all but one of their Danish properties. (Count Rantzow was in the service of Frederik III.) :]
When he had concluded everything with her husband, whom he had obliged to yield up all his possessions, Rantzow acquainted our lady with the fact; she said that her husband had the power to give up what was his, but that the half belonged to her, and that she would not give up, not being able to answer for it before God nor before her children; she had committed no crime; liberty should be given to her husband for the half of their lands, and that if the King thought he could retain her with a good conscience she would endure it.
Rantzow with a serious air replied, "Do not think that your husband will ever be set at liberty, if you do not sign with him."... Our lady said that since there was no other prospect for her husband's liberty, she would consent. [pp.75-76]
Jammersminde
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"I suffer... for not having abandoned him in misfortune."
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[From the Preface of Leonora's prison journal, addressed to her children in 1674:]
My mind has long been uncertain with regard to this history of my sufferings, as I could not decide whether I ought not rather to endeavour to forget them than to bear them in memory. [p.87]
[Leonora had decided to write for two reasons. The first was to praise God for giving her patience to endure:]
The other cause that impels me is the consolation it will be to you, my dear children, to be assured... that I suffer innocently; that nothing whatever has been imputed to me, nor have I been accused of anything.... I suffer for having loved a virtuous lord and husband, and for not having abandoned him in misfortune. I was suspected of being privy to an act of treason for which he has never been prosecuted according to law, much less convicted of it, and the cause of the accusation has never been explained to me.... [p.89]
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"I have often made my self deaf and blind...."
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[She had survived in prison for 9 years, and would survive for another 11 years, by refusing to respond to provocation, but:]
I acknowledge my weakness, and do not shrink from confessing them to you. I am a human being, and am full of human imperfections. Our first emotions are not under our own power; we are often overhasty before we are able to reflect. God knows that I have often made my self deaf and blind, in order not to be carried away by passion. [p.94]
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"...closed the door of my prison."
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[At the start of her journal, begun after 1670, Leonora remembered her arrival at the Blue Tower in August 1663. (Captain Alfeldt was the officer who had taken her into custody when she was brought to Copenhagen):]
...[T]he prison governor opened the Tower gate, and I was conducted into the Tower by... Captain Alfeldt. My attendant, who was preparing to follow me, was called back... and told to remain behind. The prison governor went up the stairs, and showed Alfeldt the way to prison for malefactors, to which the name of the "Dark Church" has been given. There Alfeldt quitted me with a sigh and a slight reverence. I can truly say of him that his face expressed pity, and that he obeyed the order unwillingly.
The clock was striking half-past five when Jockum [the prison governor] closed the door of my prison. I found before me a small low table, on which stood a brass candlestick with a lighted candle, a high chair, two small chairs, a fir-wood bedstead without hangings and with old and hard bedding, a night-stool and chamber utensil. At every side to which I turned I was met with stench; and no wonder, for three peasants who had been imprisoned here, and had been removed on that very day, had used the walls for their requirements. [pp.109-11]
[And that night (although she later became accustomed enough to rats and fleas to be able to study their habits and record her observations for future naturalists):]
But my sleep was light, the promenades of the rats woke me, and there were great numbers of them. Hunger made them bold; they ate the candle as it stood burning. [p.128]
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"I knew well how matters are done in such absolute governments."
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[In that summer of 1663 Ulfeldt was condemned in absentia as a traitor: a reward was offered for his capture, his remaining property confiscated, his descendants forever exiled from Denmark. A week after Leonora arrived in prison she was told of the condemnation and that the council's decision had been unanimous on his guilt:]
I dared not say what I thought. I knew well how matters are done in such absolute governments: there is no such thing as opposition, they merely say: "Sign, the King wishes it; and ask not wherefore, or the same condemnation awaits thee." I was silent, and bewailed my unhappiness, which was irremediable. [pp.137-38]
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"...a fact which he had probably read in a novel."
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[After another few days, she was moved from the "Dark Church" (apparently used for transient prisoners) to another cell; it was this that made her realize that her imprisonment was to be permanent:]
I will here describe my prison. It is a chamber, seven of my paces long and six wide; there are in it two beds, a table, and two stools. It was freshly whitewashed, which caused a terrible smell; the floor, moreover was so thick with dirt, that I imagined it was of loam...
It is eighteen feet high, with a vaulted ceiling, and very high up is a window which is two feet feet square. In front of it are double thick iron bars, besides a wire-work, which is so close that one could not get one's little finger into the holes. This wire-work had been thus ordered by Count Rantzow (so the prison governor later told me), so that no pigeons might bring in a letter --- a fact which he had probably read in a novel as having happened. [pp.150-51]
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"...astonishment that I should... wish my lord dead."
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[For two weeks, she was in despair and wished for death; then she turned to God and prayed for patience. Her greatest fear was that her husband would be captured; this ended in March of 1664 when she was told that he had died:]
I lay there silently hoping that it might be so, that my husband had be death escaped his enemies; and I thought with the greatest astonishment that I should have lived to see the day when I should wish my lord dead....
Your condition, my dearest children, troubled me. You have lost your father, and with him property and counsel. I am captive and miserable, and cannot help you, either with counsel or deed; you are fugitives and in a foreign land. For my three eldest sons I am less anxious than for my daughters and my youngest son. [pp.170-71]
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"The ink was made from the smoke of the candle."
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[With her husband's death, Leonora began to adjust to her new life. When she was brought some sugar from the kitchen, she began to make use of small things that she or her woman servant had found:]
I wrote different things from the Bible on the paper in which the sugar was given me. My ink-bottle was made of the piece of pewter lid which the woman had found, the ink was made from the smoke of the candle collected on a spoon, and the pen from a fowl's feather cut by the piece of glass. I have this still in my possession. [p.184]
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"What more could happen to me than is happening?"
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[Leonora prayed to God for patience, and patience was needed. What she found hardest to bear were the people: the prison governor was drunk more often than not when he came to see her, the worst criminals had the run of the prison, and the women who were assigned to serve her (and to report on her) were often criminals. The closest Leonora came to violence was in 1664 when a serving-woman cursed her:]
"Softly, softly!" I said; "while only one of us is angry, it is of no consequence; but if I get angry also, something may come of it!"
She sat down with an insolent air, and said, "I should well imagine that you are not good when you are angry! It is said of you that in former days you could bear but little, and that you struck at once. But now---" (with this she was silent).
"What more?" I said. "Do you think I could not do anything to anyone I if I chose, just as well as then, if anyone behaved to me in a manner that I could not endure? Know much more than that! You need not refuse me a knife because I may perhaps kill you; I could do so with my bare hands. I could strangle the strongest fellow with my bare hands, if I can seize him unawares, and what more could happen to me than is happening? Therefore, only keep quiet!" [pp.189-90]
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"I would go up the King's stairs and take the keys to the
King."
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[The Blue Tower in which Leonora was imprisoned was part of the court complex in which she had grown up: once, she heard preparations for a royal marriage and thought of her own marriage at the same spot; another time, by piling up the cell's furniture, she could reach the high window and watch the courtiers coming from church. There were also interior passages from the tower to the king's residence; once, in 1666, when the prison governor had first tried drunkenly to embrace her and then fallen asleep:]
I said... to the woman, "Were it not for the Queen, who would make the King angry with me, I would retaliate upon the prison governor.... I would take the keys when he was sleeping, and wait for Chresten to come with the cups, and then I would go up the King's stairs and take the keys to the King....
"But I should gain nothing from this King, and perhaps should be still more strictly confined." [p.214]
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"...valiant, true, chaste and sensible, patient, steadfast
and scholarly."
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[In 1670, Frederik III died. Leonora's guards thought that she would be freed, but she thought not, and she was right. Frederik's widow still opposed her freedom, and she continued to influence her son, Christian V. But Leonora's life in the tower did become somewhat easier: she was given a cell with a usable window, a separate room to provide at least occasional privacy, and for the first time, writing material and a small pension:]
Some of my money I spent on books.... I excerpted and translated various matters from Spanish, Italian, French, and German authors. I especially wrote out and translated into Danish the female personages of different rank and origin, who were mentioned with praise by the authors as valiant, true, chaste and sensible, patient, steadfast and scholarly. [p.255]
[Leonora worked at this book, Heltinders Pryd, for over 10 years; in 1683:]
On August 12 of this year I finished the work I had undertaken, and since my prefatory remarks treated of celebrated women of every kind, both of valiant rulers and sensible sovereigns, of true, chaste, God-fearing, virtuous, unhappy, learned, and steadfast women..., [I] divided them into three parts, under the title The Heroines' Praise. The first part is to the honour of valiant heroines. The second part speaks of true and chaste heroines. The third part of steadfast heroines.... I hope to God that this my prison work may come into your hands, my dearest children. [pp.294-95]
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"If this be so... I... should not have been able to keep
silence."
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[In interrogations that continued even after her husband's death, Leonora always denied knowing anything of anyone's treasonous activities. However, she writes one thing that makes the reader wonder: in 1675 a fire in the city alarmed the guard who was to lock her door, and the prison governor (a replacement for the drunkard) expressed his worry that the guard would tell others that the door had been left unlocked:]
The words at once occurred to me which he had said to me a long time before, namely that no woman could be silent, but that all men could be silent (when he had asserted this, I had thought, if this be so, then my adversaries might believe that I, had I known of anything which they had in view, should not have been able to keep silence).
So now I answered him thus: "Well, and what does that signify? It was a man; they can all keep silence; there is no harm done."
He could not help laughing, and said, "Well, you are good enough."
I then talked to him, and assured him that I had no desire to leave the tower without the king's will, even though day and night all the tower doors were left open, and I also said that I could have got out long ago, if that had been my design. [p.275]
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"She... held out courageously."
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[And in 1678, her admiration for a fellow prisoner accused of helping her mistress poison another woman reveals the qualities Leonora prized:]
This woman was a steady faithful servant. She received everything that was imposed upon her with the greatest patience, and held out courageously in the Dark Cell.... She was tortured, but would not confess any thing of which she was accused, and always defended her mistress. [p.279]
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"I can testify before God that I never gave her cause."
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[Although she made several requests for freedom after 1670, Leonora realized that she would never be released in the lifetime of Frederik's widow, who was seven years younger than Leonora. In 1682:]
My captivity of nearly twenty years could not touch the heart of the Queen Dowager (though with a good conscience I can testify before God that I never gave her cause for such inclemency). My most gracious hereditary King [Christian V] was gracious enough to intercede for me with his royal mother, through the high ministers of the State. Her answer at that time was very hard; she would entitle them "traitors," and "as good as I was," and would point them to the door.
All the favors which the King's majesty showed me --- the outer apartment, the large window, the money to dispose of for myself --- annoyed the Queen Dowager extremely; and she made the King's majesty feel her displeasure in the most painful manner. [pp.292-93]
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" I will... leave properly."
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[In 1685, the Queen Dowager died. Two months after the funeral, Leonora was told she was free:]
At about eight o'clock Totzloff [assistant to the prison governor] came up to me and informed me that the Lord Chancellor... had sent the prison governor a royal order that I was to be released from my imprisonment, and that I could leave when I pleased....
Totzloff asked whether I wished him to lock the doors, as I was now free. I replied, "So long as I remain within the doors of my prison, I am not free. I will moreover leave properly."
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"...twenty-one years, nine months, and eleven days."
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[Leonora sent for her niece (a sister, her only closer relative remaining in Copenhagen, had died 8 years before):]
Totzloff brought me word from my sister's daughter that his Excellency [the Lord Chancellor] had sent to her to say that she was free to accompany me from the tower, if she chose. It was therefore settled that she would come for me late the same evening.
The prison governor was in a great hurry to get rid of me, and sent the tower-warder to me towards evening, to enquire whether I would not go. I sent word that it was still too light (there would probably be some curious people who had a desire to see me)....
At about ten o'clock in the evening, the prison governor opened the door for my sister's daughter.... Soon after..., I and my sister's daughter left the tower. Her Majesty the Queen thought to see me as I came out, and was standing on her balcony, but it was rather dark; moreover, I had a black veil over my face. The palace-square, as far as the bridge and further, was full of people, so that we could scarcely pass through to the coach.
The time of my imprisonment was twenty-one years, nine months, and eleven days. [pp.307-309]
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[Sverre Lyngstad's introduction to his translation of 14 pages of excerpts from Jammersminde discusses the work's style as well as what it reveals of its writer. (See the book's table of contents online.):]
Women writers of the seventeenth century / edited by Katharina
M. Wilson and Frank J. Warnke. Athens: University of Georgia
Press, [c1989]. (xxiii, 545 p.)
LC#: PN471 .W57 1989; ISBN: 0820311111, 082031112X
Includes bibliographies and index
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[Although Paul Kleber Monod's whole study of the growth of absolutism throughout Europe is valuable, of particular interest is his discussion on pp.205-213 of Christine's book as representative of resistance to the authority of the state. (See the book's table of contents online.):]
Monod, Paul Kleber. The power of kings: monarchy and religion
in Europe, 1589-1715. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press,
c1999. (x, 417 p.: ill.)
LC#: BR115.K55 M66 1999; ISBN: 0300078102
Includes bibliographical references (p. [329]-406) and index
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Updated 11-25-08